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La radiothérapie est une méthode de traitement locorégional des cancers, utilisant des radiations pour détruire les cellules cancéreuses en bloquant leur capacité à se multiplier. L'irradiation a pour but de détruire toutes les cellules tumorales tout en épargnant les tissus sains périphériques.
La radiothérapie est utilisée chez plus de la moitié des patients ayant un cancer. Elle est, avec la chirurgie, le traitement le plus fréquent des cancers et peut entraîner une guérison à elle seule.
Elle peut être utilisée seule ou associée à la chirurgie et à la chimiothérapie. Ses indications sont liées au type de la tumeur, à sa localisation, à son stade et à l'état général du patient.
Elle peut être faite en ambulatoire, c'est à dire sans hospitalisation, car les séances sont de courte durée et les effets secondaires moindres que lors d'une chimiothérapie.
On distingue trois grandes techniques de radiothérapie :
- La radiothérapie externe : c'est la plus connue et la plus utilisée, la source de rayonnement est à l'extérieur du malade. Les bombes au cobalt, qui utilisent une source radioactive de Cobalt 60, ont pratiquement disparu, au moins dans les pays développés, au profit des accélérateurs linéaires de particules.
- La curiethérapie: la source radioactive est placée pendant une durée limitée (le plus souvent quelques heures) à l'intérieur du malade, dans la tumeur ou dans une cavité à son contact.
- La radiothérapie métabolique vectorielle : La source radioactive est liquide, injectable, non scellée, et va se fixer sur les cellules cibles.
Indication
En fonction du type de la tumeur, de sa localisation, de sa taille, de son extension et de son stade, de l'état général du patient et des symptômes associés, on distingue trois situations très différentes dans lesquelles on va utiliser la radiothérapie dans des buts bien précis :
La radiothérapie curative
Comme son nom l'indique, l'objectif est d'irradier toutes les cellules cancéreuses afin d'entraîner le contrôle voire la guérison du cancer. Cela implique l'absence de lésions à distance. Elle est indiquée dans environ la moitié des irradiations. Elle peut être utilisée seule ou en association avec la chirurgie ou la chimiothérapie.
La dose nécessaire dépend du type et du volume de la tumeur, certaines étant très radiosensibles alors que d'autres sont radiorésistantes. Il faut veiller à ce que la dose permettant le contrôle tumoral soit inférieure à la dose de tolérance critique des organes, ce qui implique une technique rigoureuse au risque de ne pas délivrer une dose suffisante et d'avoir une récidive locale ou au contraire de délivrer une dose excessive et d'entraîner un effet secondaire. Le protocole habituel délivre une dose de 10 Gy par semaine à raison de 5 séances de 2 Gy par jour. La dose totale varie selon les cas de 30 à 70 Gy.
La radiothérapie palliative
L'objectif n'est pas ici de guérir le cancer mais de freiner son évolution et d'assurer une rémission clinique aussi longue que possible.
Elle s'adresse aux cancers trop évolués localement ou métastatiques.
Le traitement étant palliatif il doit être de courte durée et peu agressif, pour entraîner le moins de désagréments possible au patient. Par exemple l'irradiation de type "split-course", permet de récupérer entre 2 séries d'irradiations.
La radiothérapie symptomatique
Son objectif est de soulager un symptôme majeur particulièrement gênant pour le malade. Son efficacité est :
- Antalgique : L'effet antalgique de l'irradiation est quasiment constant et se manifeste rapidement en quelques jours. Elle est souvent utilisée dans les douleurs des métastases osseuses. La disparition de la douleur apparaît dès les premières séances, après parfois une recrudescence douloureuse due à l'inflammation radio induite.
- Hémostatique : Dans le cas des hémorragies persistantes que l'on retrouve parfois dans des cancers du rectum, de la vessie, ORL ou gynécologiques, quelques séances de radiothérapie entrainent l'assèchement et l'arrêt du saignement.
- Décompressive : Dans les cancers avec signes de compression médullaire - qui constituent une urgence, ou radiculaire, la radiothérapie peut être un traitement efficace, à condition de la commencer dés les premiers signes de compression. Elle doit être de courte durée, souvent juste quelques séances afin de limiter l'irradiation vertébrale. De plus les œdèmes par compression veineuse ou lymphatique sont également bien améliorés par la radiothérapie.
Application
Selon la localisation et le stade des tumeurs, la radiothérapie peut être utilisée seule, mais elle est le plus souvent combinée avec un traitement chirurgical et/ou une chimiothérapie et/ou une hormonothérapie.
La plupart des cancers peuvent être traités par radiothérapie dans une certaine mesure. Ceci inclut les cancers du sein, de la prostate, du poumon, du rectum etc.
Cette thérapie est, la plupart du temps, appliquée pour traiter une région localisée autour d'une tumeur. Le champ des radiations couvre souvent aussi le réseau lymphatique drainant la tumeur.
Afin d'atteindre la zone tumorale et ses extensions éventuelles sans porter atteinte aux tissus sains environnants, on irradie la cible successivement selon différents angles, de telle sorte que les champs d'irradiation se superposent sur la région à traiter. Le maximum de radiation est alors localisé à la zone tumorale.
Avant le développement des médicaments immunosuppresseurs, cette technique était utilisée pour prévenir les réactions immunitaires indésirables lors de transplantations d'organes.
Dosage
La dose de radiations délivrée en radiothérapie se mesure en Gray (Gy). 1 Gray = 1 joule/kilogramme. Le médecin radiothérapeute prescrit une dose à délivrer dans une région donnée (généralement la tumeur) ainsi que le fractionnement à utiliser (dose par séance). Il définit le cas échéant les contraintes de dose à ne pas dépasser dans les régions avoisinantes (organes à risques). La dose prescrite et son fractionnement dépendent de la localisation et de la nature de la maladie. Généralement une dose de 45 à 80 Gy est délivrée à la cible par fraction de 2 Gy/jour (ordre de grandeur). Le sein est par exemple traité par des doses de 45-50 Gy et les tumeurs pulmonaires par des doses supérieures à 65 Gy. La dose peut être délivrée par des faisceaux de photons ou d'électrons d'énergie comprise entre 1,25 MeV (bombe au cobalt) et plusieurs MeV pour les accélérateurs linéaires. Plus rarement les neutrons, les protons, les pions ou encore des photons d'énergie plus basse sont également utilisés. Le physicien médical propose alors une planification du traitement qui sera validée ensuite par le radiothérapeute. Il s'agit d'établir le nombre et la disposition des faisceaux qui vont permettre de délivrer la dose à la cible en limitant la dose délivrée aux tissus sains.
Surveillance
Comme tout traitement une surveillance s'impose. Elle doit s'assurer :
- de la bonne réalisation technique de l'irradiation,
- de la bonne tolérance du patient, jugée sur la clinique essentiellement, en surveillant l'apparition d'effets secondaires,
- de la bonne efficacité du traitement, jugées sur la clinique et les examens complémentaires.
Contrôle des conditions techniques de l'irradiation
- Le générateur de rayonnement est contrôlé par les ingénieurs ou les physiciens du service de radiothérapie.
- Les temps d'irradiation et les doses délivrées sont contrôlés par un système informatique.
- Le bon positionnement du malade et du faisceau est contrôlé par le radiothérapeute lors de la première séance de repérage.
- La bonne installation du malade sur la table à chaque séance est controlée par le manipulateur en électroradiologie médicale.
Surveillance clinique du patient
La surveillance du malade pendant toute la durée de la radiothérapie est assurée par le médecin radiothérapeute et par son médecin traitant. Elle a pour but essentiel de s'assurer de la bonne tolérance par le malade et de la bonne efficacité du traitement.
- Lors de la première consultation, particulièrement longue, le patient est informé des toutes les modalités techniques de la radiothérapie et des effets indésirables et secondaires à surveiller. Il est pesé et des conseils hygiéno-diététiques sont donnés. Une évaluation psychologique est faite et un suivi ou un traitement sont envisagés. Un traitement symptomatique est également prévu selon les cas - douleur, anxiété, troubles digestifs, amaigrissement ...
- Puis des consultations de suivi sont effectuées de façon hebdomadaire. Elles ont pour but notamment
- de soutenir le patient sur le plan psychologique de facon adaptée,
- d'apprécier la tolérance clinique, sur le plan général - poids, fatigue, état général et sur le plan locorégional - apparition de complications locales aigues,
- de suivre l'évolution de la lésion, grâce à la clinique et aux symptômes ou grâce à des examens complémentaires biologiques ou radiologiques,
- de suivre sur le plan hygiéno-diététique le patient.
- Parfois l'irradiation doit être interrompue en cas d'intolérance majeure.
- En fin de traitement, le radiothérapeute rédige un compte rendu complet précisant notamment la technique utilisée, les doses délivrées, les effets secondaires éventuellement rencontrés, la tolérance et l'efficacité. Ce compte rendu est adressé aux différents médecins responsables du patient.
Source : encyclopédie wikipedia
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